PRIVATIZATION OF EDUCATION (SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION )SECTION B

Privatisation is where services which were once owned and provided by the state are transferred to private companies, such as the transfer of educational assets and management to private companies, charities or religious institutions.Privatisation  of    education  was  initiated  in  1991  with  the  initiation  of  the Liberalization, Privatisation and Globalisation (LPG)

Factors responsible for privatization of education In India are:

1. Need for competitive efficiency: Main justification for privatization rests heavily on  the  grounds  of  efficiency  to  promote  a  more  competitive  economic environment. Operation of public sector enterprises is considered inefficient. It is believed that private ownership and control are more efficient in terms of resource allocation and work,
2. Rapid growth in population: India has a population of nearly one hundred and thirty five crores. In order to provide  to a  large number of  people more  private institutions  are  needed.  To  fulfill  the  demand  for  higher  education  of  young people in the country privatization of higher education is needed. 
3. Financial burden  on  government:  Higher  education  in  India  is  in  financial stress. The  state/government  can no  longer bear the  financial  burden of public enterprises. Current spending on education in India is not more than 3.5% of GDP.The center  itself concedes that the minimum should be 6%.  Very little is being spent on higher education. This compares unfavorably with the international level, especially  when compared with  countries such  as South  Africa, which  invests eight per cent of GNP on education. Therefore, there is a need to evolve policythrough which private resources are mobilized.
4. Education is an Economic good: Education is no more being treated as a social service but as a necessary economic input. Investment in education is treated as a factor contributing to the development of human resources. In this effort private initiative can  help  since the private sector is the  beneficiary of the knowledge industry. 
5. Quest  for  quality:  Private  institutions  do  not  require  long  procedures  for procurement of human  as  well  as material  resources. In order to purchase  and maintain good qualitative  infrastructure and equipment like  furniture, buildings,different types of laboratories and qualified  and competent academic staff, who can be paid as per the demand, there is a need for privatization
6. Fulfilling the need for skilled manpower: There is very little initiative from the public  sector  due  to  limited  freedom.  Private  institutions  are  free  to  initiate modern and advanced  courses in order to fulfil the demand for subjects which facilitate economic development of the nation. The demands of the market and the times can be fulfilled. For this privatization is needed. 
7. Curtailment of corruption: In order to control the corruption in the government sector, private sector is much needed. Privatization stops the corruption to some extent  and  brings  about  some  discipline.  As  a  result,  there  will  be  capacity utilisation.
8. Desire  for  more  autonomy:  Privatization  of  higher  education  will  provide autonomy to institutions and there will  be less  dependency on the government. This  will remove political interference in  areas of administration, management and finance.
9. Paradigm  shifts:In  India  is  steadily  shifting to  a  fast  track  of  economic  and industrial  development,  which  has  led  to  several  paradigm  shifts  in higher education, such as-

• From state controlled education to an open market economic education
•  From education for human development to education for human resource development.
• From education to few to education to many.
•  From national to global education.
• From subsidized education to education for a price.

Impact of Privatization of Higher Education in India

In  Indian  perspective  there  are  two  types  of  impacts  of  privatization  of  education-

Positive impact of Privatization of Higher Education.

1. Easy access to high education: To get higher education has become easy due to privatization of educational institutions, that is number of colleges and universities are increased. Again different methods of communications are developed so that teaching and learning process can be done anywhere and anytime.
2. Reduce distance of educational institutions: Privatization  of higher education increases the number of educational institutions in rural and urban areas. So, the distance  is  decreased  between  educational  institutions  and  residential  place  of students. 
3. Relief  of  financial  burden:  Privatization  of  higher  education  decreases  the financial burden of the state and the central governments on higher education.
4. Free  from  political  intervention:  Private  sectors  are  almost  independent  of political  interventions.  According  to  Honorable  Supreme  Court,  unaided professional institutes are autonomous in their administration and decisions. But they have to follow necessary guidelines notified by regulating agencies regarding admission, examination, recruitment of staff etc. 
5. Better employment: Privatization of higher education causes the generation of employment  opportunities  to  the  graduates,  post-  graduates,  researcher  and trainees in different fields. Generation of employment and income opportunities to educated youth is positive impact of privatization of higher education in the Indian labour market.

• From  ‘State  Controlled  Education’  to  an  ‘Open  Market Economy Education’,
• from  ‘Education  for  Human  Development’  to  ‘Education  for  Human Resource Development’,
• from ‘Education for a Few’ to ‘Education for Many',
• from 'National’ to ‘Global Education’,
• from  'Institution  or  Teacher  Centred  Education'  to  ‘Student  Centred Education’, 
• from 'Subsidised Education' to 'Education for a Price
• from ‘Education for a Few’ to ‘Education for Many',
• from 'National’ to ‘Global Education’,
• from  'Institution  or  Teacher  Centered  Education'  to  ‘Student  Centred Education’, 
• from 'Subsidised Education' to 'Education for a Price
• from ‘Education for a Few’ to ‘Education for Many',
• from 'National’ to ‘Global Education’,
• from  'Institution  or  Teacher  Centered  Education'  to  ‘Student  Centred Education’, 
• from 'Subsidised Education' to 'Education for a Price
• from ‘Education for a Few’ to ‘Education for Many,
• from 'National’ to ‘Global Education’,
• from  'Institution  or  Teacher  Centered  Education'  to  ‘Student  Centered Education’, 
• from 'Subsidised Education' to 'Education for a Price
• from  ‘State  Controlled  Education’  to  an  ‘Open  Market EconomyEducation’,
• from  ‘Education  for  Human  Development’  to  ‘Education  for  Human Resource Development
• from  ‘State  Controlled  Education’  to  an  ‘Open  Market EconomyEducation’,
• from  ‘Education  for  Human  Development’  to  ‘Education  for  Human Resource Development.
• From  ‘State  Controlled  Education’  to  an  ‘Open  Market EconomyEducation’,
• from  ‘Education  for  Human  Development’  to  ‘Education  for  Human Resource Development
• from ‘Education for a Few’ to ‘Education for Many',
• from 'National’ to ‘Global Education’,from  'Institution  or  Teacher  Centered  Education'  to  ‘Student  Centred Education’, 
• from 'Subsidised Education' to From  ‘State  Controlled  Education’  to  an  ‘Open  Market EconomyEducation’,
• from  ‘Education  for  Human  Development’  to  ‘Education  for  Huma Resource Development

1. Competition.  Privatization  of  higher  education  brings  about  radical  structural changes providing momentum in the competitive sectors.
2. Negative Impact of Privatization in India: Privatization has also negative impacts on education and society-
3. High Cost of Education: In higher education the privatization always increases the cost of education. The authority collects different fees to increase its income. This  situation  is  beyond  the  fixed  capacity  of  poor  and  middle  class  income groups.
4. Poor Faculty: The main object behind privatization of higher education is said to be  quality  improvement, this object  is not fulfilled.  In majority  of educational institutions quality compromise is observed. Their staff is not properly qualified and provides services for fewer sums. By using such staff such institutions earn considerable amount of profit but in return do not provide better quality education.
5. Inadequate  infrastructure:  The  infrastructure  facilities  in  the  self-  financed college and university is inadequate and poor. Most of the colleges do not have separate  buildings,  especially  for  staff  and  library,  no  proper  class  room,  no technological  devices  etc.  Moreover,  basic  facilities  such  as  drinking  water, hygienic toilet and equipped laboratories are not available in many colleges which affect the learning environment and other related objects.
6. Education  a  Business:  At  higher  education  level,  Mushroom  Colleges  have grown rapidly. Such colleges are becoming the  center for selling degrees. After paying  money, you  need not  attend the  classes.  Such  institutions  are  more in professional  courses  like  Engineering,  Pharmacy,  Education  and  Management courses. Due to this, employers get low wages. So government should check these kinds of colleges in control. 
7. Lack  of  Quality  Education  but  restless  work:  The  private  educational institutions do not provide the education. Here one thing which is to be noted that right to education flows directly from right to life under article 21, and right to life means right to live life of better quality and with dignity. So this quality  compromise  in  private  educational  institution  is  violating  right  to education. 
8. Exploitation:  Private  institutions  also  exploit  the  teachers  and  professors  by paying  those  amounts  which  are  not  according  to  the  amount  specified  by regulating agencies like  UGC etc. This may lead to slackening in  the efforts of teachers and professors and may finally result in the fall of standard of education. 
9. Violation of right to  education: Privatization  of higher education has resulted into violation of right to education. It has created a big problem in our country.
10. Disparity in access to higher education:  There are  four kinds of disparity in higher  education  are visible  in  India:  gender  disparity,  geographical disparity, minority-majority  based  disparity, and  disparity  based on  economic class.  The above mentioned disparities in access to privatization of higher education.
11. Focus  on  quantity:  Private  sectors  have  their  focus  on  quantity  and  not  on quality.  This is  the  reason that  quality of  higher  education  is  degrading.  It  is justified that due to the privatization number of private professional institutes has increased and it is no doubt required to cope up with growing needs but this has been at the cost of quality. 
12. Capitation  fees:  Capitation  fee refers  to  an  illegal  transaction  whereby  an institution that provides educational services collects a fee that is more than what is approved by  regulatory  norms.  In the  context of Indian law, a capitation  fee refers  to  the  collection  of  payment  by  educational bodies  not  included in  the prospectus of the institution, usually in exchange for admission to the institution.
13. Lack  of  transparency:  There  is  lack  of  transparency  in  private  sector  and stakeholders do not  get the  complete information  about the functionality of  the enterprise.

Use of technology in education: From  ‘State  Controlled  Education’  to  an  ‘Open  Market Economy Education’, from  ‘Education  for  Human  Development’  to  ‘Education  for  Human

Resource Development

Technology is everywhere--entwined in almost every part of our culture. It affects how we live, work, play, and most importantly learn.

Following are the uses of technology in education:

1. If used correctly, mobile devices and the applications they support, will help prepare students for their future careers.
2. Integrating technology into the classroom is an effective way to connect with students of all learning styles.
3. It gives students the opportunity to enhance the interaction with their classmates and instructors by encouraging collaboration.
4. Using technology in the classroom gives teachers and other faculty members the opportunity to develop their student's digital citizenship skills. It's one thing to use mobile devices, it's a completely other thing to know how to use them correctly and responsibly.
5. Integrating technology in education helps students stay engaged. Most students today have been using mobile devices like tablets and smartphones to play and learn since they could crawl. So it only seems logical to align today's classrooms with the way that your students want and are used to learning.
6. Combining new tech like VR (virtual reality) with traditional classroom instruction is one example of how the introduction of new technology can enhance the learning experience and create new opportunities.
7. When mobile technology is readily available and performing correctly in the classroom, students are able to access the most up-to-date information quicker and easier than ever before.
8. The traditional passive learning model is broken. With technology in the classroom the teacher becomes the encourages, adviser, and coach.
9. Technology helps students be more responsible. Owning your own device or borrowing the school's devices gives students the opportunity to improve their decision making skills as well as taking ownership of a valuable (and often times expensive) device. Again, this needs to be complemented by proper digital citizenship training to see the best results.
10. (Technology transforms the learning experience. Students have access to an incredible amount of new opportunities. From learning how to code to learning how to better collaborate across teams and with their instructors--technology empowers students to be more creative and be more connected. New tech has super-charged how we learn today.

Rabia  Roshan(M.ed students)

Admission counselor (any queries regarding admission & notes)

Assit. Prof . Tejinder Singh

9041117318 (whatsup)