Paper 6. Sociology of education M.ed ist year (2nd sem)
M. ed 2019-21 Year – 1st
Semeste 2nd sem
Student name : Palka Puri,
Paper 6. Sociology of education
Section-A
I. Educational system of a country is influenced by its political setup. Justify.
Ans. Politics determine and define the goals, content, learning experiences and evaluation strategies in education. Curricular materials and their interpretation are usually heavily influenced by political considerations. ... Entry into educational institutions and the examination systems are heavily influenced by politics.The common characteristics of its educational system include the monopoly of state control over education, secularism, physical and military training, political indoctrination inside and outside the school and also a greater emphasis on science subjects.
A national education system is often defined from the point of view of the formal education system. This includes formal education in early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, higher education, and university education. Subsets of informal and non-formal education are often considered part of formal education and, if they are not completely ignored, receive little attention. However, it is important that the national education system fully integrates all subsets of the education system, namely formal, informal and non-formal education.
The political philosophy that controls the government of a country often has its inevitable impact on education. The political factor dictates the type of administration that the educational system will have. Behind the characteristics of the education system and how it works. For example, the fundamental ideas of socialism as political philosophy referred to the exploitation of labor by capital and this gave rise to the mass of the class. As a political philosophy, socialism recognizes property as the basis of the economic structure of the state that results in the concentration of civil and legal power in the hands of the propertied class. Socialism advocates the nationalization of the means of production; where the owners of the means of production do not work and the workers who produce do not own anything. A change of such social order can only be achieved with educational reform. This would be through a state mechanism with full control of education and the curriculum and this means that citizens must be trained by the state, for the state, and in state institutions. In such cases, the details of the curriculum are often decided by state authorities and involve the functional training of citizens. The curriculum may also include scientific training for social use purposes.
Indian government should look into such education systems and make sure these inconveniences are covered up sufficiently. On the other hand, we can find people who are serious in their thoughts to fill in these issues and promote the quality of each educational institution. We can find the growing number of Computer study centres, students’ labs, tutorial institutes etc. that makes education in India move on faster and effective without any interruption.The wide range of syllabuses is a major reason for the fluctuation in the graph of education and growth in different states. In Indian education system we can find different syllabuses out of which some of the common syllabuses are ICSE, CBSE and State syllabuses. Each syllabus has its own standards and targets based on which the knowledge and skills of students will differ. Also the donation criteria for acquiring seats for these types of schools are again a hindrance for students to pitch into a good educational institution. At times, it is noted that students of high grades are moved to private institutions because of their financial inability. The government should consider such corruptions happening in the education circle and find immediate remedies to resolve it so that everybody, apart from any differences based on caste, creed or money are getting educated equally.
II. Discuss meaning and types of social mobility. How does education affect it?
Ans. Meaning of social mobility-Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. It is a change in social status relative to one's current social location within a given society.Several patterns of social mobility are possible: Horizontal mobility involves moving within the same status category. An example of this is a nurse who leaves one hospital to take a position as a nurse at another hospital. Vertical mobility, in contrast, involves moving from one social level to another.
Types of Mobility:
Change of social position of an individual or group of individuals takes different forms and shapes. At one period of time there would be one type of mobility and another period of time it can be another type. Each of the following types are not exclusive but they may overlap, it is only for the purpose of convenience and analysis they are given different labels.
Types of Mobility:Change of social position of an individual or group of individuals takes different forms and shapes. At one period of time there would be one type of mobility and another period of time it can be another type. Each of the following types are not exclusive but they may overlap, it is only for the purpose of convenience and analysis they are given different labels.
1. Horizontal Mobility:Under this type of social mobility, a person changes his or her occupation but the overall social standing remains the same. Certain occupations like Doctor, Engineer, and Professor may enjoy the same status but when an engineer changes his occupation from engineer to teaching engineering, he has horizontally moved from one occupational category to another. But no change has taken place in the system of social stratification.
2. Vertical Mobility:Vertical mobility refers to any change in the occupational, economic or political status of an individual or a group which leads to change of their position. In the words of Sorokin, by vertical social mobility is meant the relations involved in transition of an individual (or a social object) from one social stratum to another.
3. Upward Mobility:When a person or a group of persons move from lower position to upper position it is called Upward Mobility e.g. a person belonging to a lower caste and occupying a lower position after winning elections becomes a Minister and occupies a higher position. He may not be able to change his caste but with his economic and political power he may move upward. For example, Yadavs in India stand as a testimony to this fact.
4. Downward Mobility:Downward mobility indicates that one loses his higher position and occupies a lower position. We can take the example of an individual, who is an Engineer and occupies a respectable position in the society because of his occupational position, education and may be caste.
5. Inter-Generational Mobility:This type of mobility means that one generation changes its social status in contrast to preceding generation. However, this mobility may be upward or downward e.g. people of lower caste or class may provide facilities to their children to get higher education, training and skills.
6. Intra-Generational Mobility:This type of mobility takes place in life span of one generation. This can be further divided into two:(a) Change in the position of one individual in his life span, (b) Change in the position of one brother but no change in the position of another brother.
7. Occupational Mobility:Occupational mobility means change from one occupation to another. Different occupations’ are hierarchically arranged because the incumbent of these occupations gets different economic rewards and enjoys different power, prestige and privileges based on the economic returns, authority and prestige.
Education is often seen as a strong driver of social mobility. Social mobility may be reduced in more unequal countries because educational scores are on average lower in less equal countries and education improves incomes more for those at the bottom of the income spectrum than for those further up.Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. ... Markers for social mobility, such as education and class, are used to predict, discuss, and learn more about an individual or a group's mobility in society.
III. Explain the role of education in cultural change.
Ans. Development of Culture- the function of education is to bring the needed and desirable change in the cultural and values for the progress and continued development of the society without which social progress cannot take place. ... Education upholds the continuity of culture through its diverse activities and programmes.Culture is an important factor in curriculum planning and drives the content of every curriculum. This is because the essence of education is to transmit the cultural heritage of a society to the younger generation of the society. Curriculum is a veritable tool for attaining the educational goals of a nation.
Children and also youngsters in cultural education learn to reflect upon their own culture, culture of others and culture in general. ... Teaching this to children is very important because it helps them to grow up and to function in a culture which has not one clear identity ready for them.Education is the way to live in society and to be the integral part of it. Education provide us the understanding of the society and culture. Culture is the reflection of the society, people, behavior, attitude. The relation of the culture and education is that the values of education is culture.
Aim of Education #
1. Knowledge Aim of Education:According to this aim, the individual develops his individuality and fulfills his possibility by the help of knowledge.Knowledge is considered as power by which things are done. So, “Knowledge is power” was said by Bacon. It is knowledge that has enabled humanity to make progress.
It is an important function of education to help in the preservation of culture or social heritage. Education, through its specialized agencies, tries to inculcate the traditions, customs, values, arts, morals etc. ... J.L. Nehru viewed, “Education must help in preserving the vital elements of our heritage”.
The role of education as an agent or instrument of social change and social development is widely recognized today. ... Education can initiate social changes by bringing about a change in outlook and attitude of man. It can bring about a change in the pattern of social relationships and thereby it may cause social changes.
IV. Describe the contribution of Emile Durkheim to education.
Ans. Durkheim's Perspective on Education. Functionalis sociologist Emile Durkheim saw Education as performing two major functions in advanced industrial societies – transmitting the shared values of society and simultaneously teaching the specialised skills for an economy based on a specialised division of labour.Durkheim, a French sociologist, was writing at the turn of the twentieth century (late 19th and early 20th) and he believed that schools were one of the few institutions uniquely poised to assist with the transition from traditional society, based on mechanical (face to face) solidarity, to modern society, which was much larger in scale and based on organic (more abstract) solidarity.
Education and the Transmission of Shared Values- According to Durkheim ‘Society can survive only if there exists among its members a sufficient degree of homogeneity: education perpetuates and reinforces this homogeneity by fixing in the child from the beginning the essential similarities which collective life demands’ Education does this by instilling a sense of social solidarity in the individual – which involves instilling a sense of belonging to wider society, a sense of commitment to the importance of working towards society’s goals and a feeling that the society is more important than the individual.
Education and Social Rules - Durkheim argued that, in complex societies, school serves a function which cannot be fulfilled by either the family, which is based on kinship or friendship, which is based on personal choice, whereas being a member of wider society involves learning to get on with and co-operate with people who are neither our kin or our friends.
Education and the Division of Labour - Durkheim argued that a second crucial function for education in an advanced industrial economy is the teaching of specialised skills required for a complex division of labour.
Evaluations of Durkhiem- Postmodernists might criticise Durkheim for his assumption that society needs shared values – Britain has become much more multicultural in recent decades, and the extent to which there is a single British culture is debatable.
Marxists would be a bit more cynical about the relationship between school and work – according to Durkheim school is a neutral institution which simply transmits values and skills to individuals which enable the economy to run smoothly – according to Bowles and Gintis’ Correspondence Principle, this is a much darker process – school teaches working class kids to be passive, making them easier to exploit in later life.
Ken Robinson in his ‘changing education paradigms‘ talk makes a number of criticisms of the contemporary education system – he argues it’s failing too many kids.
Liberals such as Ivan Illich would even question the view that we need schools to transmit complex skills – In ‘Deschooling Society‘ he suggested that we could learn work related skills in a much more decentralised way, something which is even more possible today in the age of online learning.
Section-B
V. Discuss the social construction of Indian society.
Ans. Definition of social construct. formal. : an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society Class distinctions are a social construct.3 stages of construction. Externalization, Objectification, & Internalization. Through interaction, people create a meaning. Through habit things will become fact.Social constructionism is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly-constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality. ... Another example of a social construction is the concept of self/self-identity.
In social constructionist terms, "taken-for-granted realities" are cultivated from "interactions between and among social agents;" furthermore, reality is not some objective truth "waiting to be uncovered through positivist scientific inquiry."Rather, there can be "multiple realities that compete for truth and legitimacy."Social constructionism understands the "fundamental role of language and communication" and this understanding has "contributed to the linguistic turn" and more recently the "turn to discourse theory." The majority of social constructionists abide by the belief that "language does not mirror reality; rather, it constitutes [creates] it."
A social construct is a mechanism or perception created by a society while also guiding its perspective. It is mainly ‘constructed’ through cultural or social practice. This construct does not exist independently in the natural world, and everything known or perceived as reality is in entirety, or partially, socially situated. Thus, different cultures have different social constructs and functions in accordance with them. One of the nascent ideas of culture are those pertaining to gender roles. Many cultural concepts drive roles, attitudes and practices of its people, while distinguishing them for men and women. Different roles are assigned to both, and they are expected to function accordingly. For example, a man is considered to be the bread winner of the family. A woman on the other hand, is expected to stay home and carry out all the household chores. Thus, men and women reversing these roles is considered as a violation of standard cultural norms. Gender therefore, can be termed as a social construct.
Children learn which emotions they should express, which colours they should like, what kind of hobbies to have, what toys to play with, what songs to listen to, whether to like sports or not, whether to learn cooking or not- based on the gender they are told to belong to. Boys are told to keep their hair short (and short hair thus is called a ‘boy cut’) while girls are instructed to grow their hair as it is a sign of femininity. A boy is taught to hold back his emotions and make practical decisions, while a woman being emotional or impulsive is considered to be normal. Men are also told to get married and ‘take care’ of their wife and kids, and treat them in a particular way. If a person deviates from these assigned roles, he or she is considered to be an outcast. The society then takes it upon itself to correct that behaviour. For example, homosexuals, bisexuals and transgenders are often ostracized or looked down upon and are told to go and ‘treat’ themselves.
VI. Should English be medium of instruction in Indian schools? Discuss.
Ans. English is the language of computers, conversation, and business and most importantly, the language, the world speaks. ... - Ability to Indians to communicate fluently in English is one of the major reasons of IT being such a successful industry in India.
“In India, the medium of instruction varies among English, Hindi and the respective states' official languages. ... However, the medium of instruction in colleges and universities is always either English or a regional language. The medium of education is also dependent upon the state and its official language.
People who dont have access to this language of global power suffer in terms of economic and educational opportunities. Dalit activists have highlighted the unfair education system of India with English for the classes and Mother tounge for the masses. All middle-class theories, discussions and debates about the right medium of instruction seem to be about how best to educate other peoples children. These other people whose childrens educational futures we decide on committees and at conferences, have firm opinions about what they would like for their own children i.e, to learn English from the youngest age.However there is a middle path available, implementation of which requires vision, commitment and patient effort to build up systemic and individual capacities.
A multilingual society such as India needs to imagine and implement a strong and viable bilingual/multilingual programme in the early years of schooling because:
• The human brain is wired for multilingualism. There are more multilingual people on this planet than monolinguals• Despite the Central governments official three language policy, multilingualism has never been implemented seriously in our classrooms. In a truly bilingual/multilingual programme, differing languages would not be taught separately as distinct subjects, but would be integrated into the daily life and work of the classroom• This is especially easy to imagine in preschool settings, where there could be spaces in which switchovers between the MT, the regional language and English are encouraged• In such preschools, its important that the MT is used when new concepts are being introduced or discussed. MT should also be used for giving instruction and building relationships. English should be introduced with the objective of achieving basic conversational proficiency in the early years • Where more than one MT exists in a classroom, there are constitutional provisions for providing MT-based instruction if 10 students in a class of 40 students speak the same language. In more diverse linguistic contexts, even if media of instruction move between the regional language and English, the curriculum and pedagogy could make spaces and provisions for welcoming and including the differing languages of a classroom
In conclusion, it is clear that MT-based education has significant cognitive, academic and socio-emotional advantages, especially during the early years. However, this does not mean that we shut the door to English in our preschool classrooms. It is worth considering that we lose nothing by encouraging multilingualism in our classrooms, but stand to gain much.
VII. westernization is not modernization. In the light of the statement explain the meaning and nature of modernization. Also discuss the role of education in accelerating the process of modernization.
Ans. Introduction: Concept of Modern, Modernity and Modernisation are tremendously notorious, mostly because of their ambiguity and vagueness. Each one lacks any precise meaning. Modernisation has assumed a lot of significance particularly after the end of the Second World War, in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Industrial Revolution in England and to some extent, French Revolution in France brought Modernization to limelight. Volumes of literature written about these three concepts have contained many contradictory observations and conclusions. As a result, no single theory of modernisation has been justifiably presented to explain the process of modernisation for social change. The process of modernisation dates back to the age of Renaissance and formation in all walks of life-like literature, science religion etc.
Meaning of Modernity: In one sense, modernisation and modernity convey a classification of the history of mankind, into Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Here modernity refers to the ‘stretch of time’, and each aforesaid phase, carries its specialty. But, modernity in relation to time is also confusing, because, it may mean one thing in India and another thing else-where on the earth.Modernity is distinguished from traditionalism and a modern society also differs from a traditional one. It is equally difficult to define precisely what ‘Tradition’ is yet, both ‘tradition’ and ‘modernity’ are systems of ideas, values and Institutions, which are different from one another. But, there is no society, which is either ‘purely traditional’ or ‘purely modern’. Both cannot be rigidly compartmentalized.
As M.N. Srinivas justifiably argues the term westernization is ethically neutral whereas modernisation carries ethical value and it accepts only what is good or right. Further, modernization like westernization does not destroIn Indian society today, there exists a sort of “misconceived modernity” or mis-match of westernization & modernisation. In metros and big cities life has become notoriously westernized, western culture is aped mostly by the youth in their life style like food habits, dress, music, dance. Night club family life and the like.y the ‘cultural identity’ of the non-western countries.
Education and modernization-:It inculcates a sense of national loyalty and creates skills and attitudes essential for technological innovation. Shils has also emphasised the role of education in the process of modernisation. Arnold Anderson, however, maintains that formal education is not adequate for teaching skills. Sometimes, university education may be a waste, for it increases the number of students with degrees without an increase in the number of people with modern skills and attitudes.
VIII. Explain the role of privatization and commercialization of education in India.
Ans.The second most populated country of the world has a potential demographic advantage which is enjoyed by none. With over 65 percent of India’s population below the age of 25, it is clear that providing sound education can ensure a productive workforce as well as robust economy in future. While India’s education standards have improved by leaps and bounds, a lot still needs to be done in order to make sure that its benefits are reaped by all. Like all other sectors, the entry of private players has transformed the sphere of education completely. Since the number of universities as well as government schools has not kept pace with the increasing population and the burgeoning demand, the foray of private players was considered a vital step. There is no doubt that private schools and colleges have high fees and different standards, but they have helped millions of students who are not able to get admission into government colleges or schools. The reasons can be various including reservation, paucity of seats, and inadequate infrastructure amongst others. Barring a few like Indian Institute of Technology, NIT’s, IISC, FMS, Delhi University colleges, there are not many state institutions that one can look forward to joining. India does have a large number of universities but they lack the kind of infrastructure as well as have faculty shortage unlike their US counterparts. This is one of the reasons why students are driven to private universities and schools.
There is no doubt that private schools and colleges have high fees and different standards, but they have helped millions of students who are not able to get admission into government colleges or schools. The reasons can be various including reservation, paucity of seats, and inadequate infrastructure amongst others. Barring a few like Indian Institute of Technology, NIT’s, IISC, FMS, Delhi University colleges, there are not many state institutions that one can look forward to joining. India does have a large number of universities but they lack the kind of infrastructure as well as have faculty shortage unlike their US counterparts. This is one of the reasons why students are driven to private universities and schools.
Indian education system- India has always had a very glorious and interesting education background. It is a way to gather information and an opportunity to learn the skills of life. But unfortunately, this sector of the country has been degraded by the profit motives of many. The government has given the guarantee of proving elementary education to each child between the age group of 6 to 14, but due to lack of funds available, it has permitted the entry of private investments in this field. And these private investors are not guided by educational motive but rather by profit motives. They have made this into a business from which they can easily earn pots and pots of money.
Negative effects of Privatization on Education-The negative effects are privatization on education in below.
1) Lack of standardization and insufficient or inadequate monitoring and regulatory mechanisms for both public education provision and in the context of increasing private education provision.
2) Failure to ensure quality teaching in private education due to the hiring of under-qualified teachers and by failing to ensure domestically competitive salaries .
3) Exclusion of children living in poverty and the exacerbation of disparities in educational opportunities along socio-economic lines.
4) Qualitative education not sure in privatization because, his purpose only money.
5) Exploitation of teachers and Extra burden on children.
Section-C
IX. Answer the following questions-
1. Define sociology of education.
Ans. The sociology of education is the study of how public institutions and individual experiences affect education and its outcomes. It is mostly concerned with the public schooling systems of modern industrial societies, including the expansion of higher, further, adult, and continuing education.Educational sociology is a branch of sociology. It deals with the application ofeducation on sociology. Broadly , the subject can be defined as the application of principles and methods of education for the solution of various problems in the society. It primarily focuses on sociology and not on education.
2. Explain relationship between education and religion.
Ans.In the United States, religious attendance rises sharply with education across individuals, but religious attendance declines sharply with education across denominations. This puzzle is explained if education both increases the returns to social connection and reduces the extent of religious belief, and if beliefs are closely linked to denominations. The positive effect of education on social connection is the result of both treatment and selection: schooling creates social skills and may increase people’s utility from engaging in other social activities such as church attendance. The negative effect of education on religious belief occurs because secular education emphasizes secular beliefs that are at odds with many traditional religious views.
3. Discuss the concept of social stratification.
Ans. Social stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. In the United States, it is perfectly clear that some groups have greater status, power, and wealth than other groups.Sociologists generally distinguish four main types of social stratification - slavery, estate, caste and social class and status.Stratification is that system by which different positions are hierarchically divided. Such a system has given rise to different classes like Upper, Middle, Working and Lower or caste groups like Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras.
4. What is social inclusion?
Ans.Social inclusion is the process of improving the terms on which individuals and groups take part in society—improving the ability, opportunity, and dignity of those disadvantaged on the basis of their identity.We define social inclusion as the process of improving the terms for individuals and groups to take part in society. People take part in society through markets (e.g. labor, or credit), services (access to health, education), and spaces (e.g. political, physical).Social inclusion involves feeling accepted within your local community and being able to contribute to society in a meaningful way, through participation in mainstream activities and exercising basic rights. Many people who access our services have experienced persistent social exclusion.
5. Describe the factor affecting social change.
Ans. 1. Physical Environment:Certain geographic changes sometimes produce great social change. Climate, storms, social erosion, earthquakes, floods, droughts etc., definitely affect social life and induce social change. Human life is closely bound up with the geographical conditions of the earth.
2. Demographic (biological) Factor:Broadly speaking, demography is concerned with the size and structure of human population. The social structure of a society is closely related with the changes in the size, composition and distribution of population. The size of the population is based mainly upon three factors—birth rate, death rate and migration
3. Cultural Factor:It is an established fact that there is an intimate connection between our beliefs and social institutions, our values and social relationships. Values, beliefs, ideas, institutions are the basic elements of a culture. Certainly, all cultural changes involve social change.
4. Ideational Factor:Among the cultural factors affecting social change in modern times, the development of science and secularisation of thought have contributed a lot to the development of the critical and innovative character of the modern outlook. We no longer follow many customs or habits merely because they have the age-old authority of tradition. On the contrary, our ways of life have increasingly become on the basis of rationality.
5. Economic Factor:Of economic influences, the most far-reaching is the impact of industrialisation. It has revolutionised the whole way of life, institutions, organisations and community life.
6. Political Factor:State is the most powerful organisation which regulates the social relationships. It has the power to legislate new laws, repeal old ones to bring social change in the society. Laws regarding child marriage, widow remarriage, divorce, inheritance and succession, untouchability are some of the examples which have brought many changes in the social structure of Indian society.
6. What is banking concept of education?
Ans. Banking model of education is a term used by Paulo Freire to describe and critique the traditional education system. The name refers to the metaphor of students as containers into which educators must put knowledge. The Banking Concept in Education is a concept in philosophy originally explored by Brazilian philosopher Paulo Freire in his 1968 book “Pedagogy of the Oppressed.” The “banking” concept of education is a method of teaching and learning where the students simply store the information relayed to them by the teacher. In a “banking” type of environment, a classroom is structured in a way that the primary duty of students is to remember and accurately recall the information provided by the instructor. They are not asked to participate in any other way, and simply absorb the information. In this type of approach, the world is seen as static and unchangeable, and students are simply supposed to fit into it as it is. The prevalence of the banking concept within most educational systems prevents students from developing skills that make themselves fair-minded critical thinkers and continues to promote long-standing biases within society.
7. Write a note on use of technology in education.
Ans. Technology ushers in fundamental structural changes that can be integral to achieving significant improvements in productivity. Used to support both teaching and learning, technology infuses classrooms with digital learning tools, such as computers and hand held devices; expands course offerings, experiences, and learning materials; supports learning 24 hours a day, 7 days a week; builds 21st century skills; increases student engagement and motivation; and accelerates learning. Technology also has the power to transform teaching by ushering in a new model of connected teaching. This model links teachers to their students and to professional content, resources, and systems to help them improve their own instruction and personalize learning.Online learning opportunities and the use of open educational resources and other technologies can increase educational productivity by accelerating the rate of learning; reducing costs associated with instructional materials or program delivery; and better utilizing teacher time.
8. Discuss characteristics of modernization.
Ans. At a minimum, components of modernisation include: industrialisation, urbanisation, secularisation, media expansion, increasing literacy and education.Thus modern society is characterised by mass communications, literacy and education. In contrast to traditional society, modern society also evolves much better health, longer life expectancy and higher rate of occupational and geographical mobility. Socially, the family and other primary groups having diffused roles are supplanted or supplemented in modern society by consciously organized secondary associations having more specific functions. Modernisation also involves a shift from the use of human and animal power to inanimate power, from tool to machine as the basis of production in terms of growth of wealth, technical diversification, differentiation and specialization leading to a novel type of division of labour, industrialisation and urbanisation.
9. Write a note on internationalisation of education.
Ans. India has many advantages for continuing its internationalization of education. ... It is the third largest after US and China with 10 million students continuing study in about 16,000 institutions. This large higher education infrastructure serves to all the needs of the country.The rise of international students at postsecondary institutions has led to faculty adapting their teaching style and content delivery to better fit diverse student needs, especially language gaps, within the classroom. These academic modifications include providing diversity focused materials, promoting cross cultural collaboration in class, avoiding colloquial language, and presenting images/visual material to support lecture content.
10. Explain 'deschooling society'.
Ans.Deschooling, a term rooted in the beliefs of Ivan Illich, is the shift from a traditional, government-influenced institution of schooling to a less-restricted method of learning that focuses on being educated by one's natural curiosities. Illich believed that the modern school is grounded on a foundation that is focused on growing schools as an industrialized system. Rather than focusing on the needs of the children, it is more heavily focused on the aggrandizement of the school system. Illich communicated that the school system has formed a toxic industry that specializes in what families should be capable of forming themselves, namely education. According to Illich, schools align success on paper with academic excellence. He presumed that schools, grades, and diplomas gave false assumptions that the students have become knowledgeable in a certain educational concept.Deschooling" a person does not mean disregarding the act of learning or studying in schools. Illich and Holt's image of an unschooled society would ensure that everybody has the choice of whether or not they (or their children) attend school. Rather than being forced to go to school, taking a test before entering a school or being denied the opportunity to learn a desired topic, people would be free to choose how they learn.
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