Health And Physical Education B.Ed 4th sem solved questions paper
Daisy (Fourth semester student) HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION
(SECTION: A)
Q1. Discuss the functions and location of endocrine glands in human body?
INTRODUCTION
The endocrine system is a network of glands in your body that make the hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re responsible for almost every cell, organ, and function in your body.
If your endocrine system isn't healthy, you might have problems developing during puberty, getting pregnant, or managing stress. You also might gain weight easily, have weak bones, or lack energy because too much sugar stays in your blood instead of moving into your cells where it's needed for energy.
A gland is an organ that makes and puts out hormones that do a specific job in your body. Endocrine glands release the substances they make into your bloodstream.
Endocrine System Functions
Your endocrine system:
• Makes hormones that control your moods, growth and development, metabolism, organs, and reproduction
• Controls how your hormones are released
• Sends those hormones into your bloodstream so they can travel to other body parts
Parts and location of the Endocrine System
Many glands make up the endocrine system. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland are in your brain. The thyroid and parathyroid glands are in your neck. The thymus is between your lungs, the adrenals are on top of your kidneys, and the pancreas is behind your stomach. Your ovaries (if you're a woman) or testes (if you're a man) are in your pelvic region.
• Hypothalamus. This organ connects your endocrine system with your nervous system. Its main job is to tell your pituitary gland to start or stop making hormones.
• Pituitary gland. This is your endocrine system’s master gland. It uses information it gets from your brain to tell other glands in your body what to do. It makes many important hormones, including growth hormone; prolactin, which helps breastfeeding moms make milk; and luteinizing hormone, which manages estrogen in women and testosterone in men.
• Pineal gland. It makes a chemical called melatonin that helps your body get ready to go to sleep.
• Thyroid gland. This gland makes thyroid hormone, which controls your metabolism. If this gland doesn't make enough (a condition called hypothyroidism), everything happens more slowly. Your heart rate might slow down. You could get constipated. And you might gain weight. If it makes too much (hyperthyroidism), everything speeds up. Your heart might race. You could have diarrhoea. And you might lose weight without trying.
• Parathyroid. This is a set of four small glands behind your thyroid. They play a role in bone health. The glands control your levels of calcium and phosphorus.
• Thymus. This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight infection and are crucial as a child's immune system develops. The thymus starts to shrink after puberty.
• Adrenals. Best known for making the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline (also called epinephrine), these two glands also make hormones called corticosteroids. They affect your metabolism and sexual function, among other things.
• Pancreas. This organ is part of both your digestive and endocrine systems. It makes digestive enzymes that break down food. It also makes the hormones insulin and glucagon. These ensure you have the right amount of sugar in your bloodstream and your cells.
• If you don't make insulin, which is the case for people with type 1 diabetes, your blood sugar levels can get dangerously high. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas usually makes some insulin but not enough.
• Ovaries. In women, these organs make estrogen and progesterone. These hormones help develop breasts at puberty, regulate the menstrual cycle, and support a pregnancy.
• Testes. In men, the testes make testosterone. It helps them grow facial and body at puberty. It also tells the penis to grow larger and plays a role in making sperm.
CONCLUSION:
The endocrine system is a network of glands in your body that make the hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re responsible for almost every cell, organ, and function in your body.
SECTION: B
Q1. What do you understand by physical education? Discuss the components of physical education in detail?
Physical fitness is the total functional capacity of an individual to perform a given task. It means that it is the body’s ability to function efficiently, to enjoy leisure time, to be healthy, to resist hypokinetic diseases and to meet unforeseen situation. It consists of health related fitness and skill related physical fitness. Physical fitness and exercises habits developed in early years provide a foundation for life time. Since activity is the basis of life and human body cannot remain in normal condition without activity therefore optimal physical fitness is not possible without regular exercise.
Components of physical fitness
The 5 components of physical fitness are often used in our school systems, health clubs and fitness centres to gauge how good a shape we are truly in. The 5 components that make up total fitness are:
• Cardiovascular Endurance
• Muscular Strength
• Muscular endurance
• Flexibility
• Body Composition
Total fitness can be defined by how well the body performs in each one of the components of physical fitness as a whole. It is not enough to be able to bench press your body weight. You also need to determine how well you can handle running a mile etc.
Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart and lungs to work together to provide the needed oxygen and fuel to the body during sustained workloads. Examples would be jogging, cycling and swimming. The Cooper Run is used most often to test cardiovascular endurance.
Muscular strength is the amount of force a muscle can produce. Examples would be the bench press, leg press or bicep curl. The push up test is most often used to test muscular strength.
Muscular endurance is the ability of the muscles to perform continuous without fatiguing. Examples would be cycling, step machines and elliptical machines. The sit up test is most often used to test muscular endurance.
Flexibility is the ability of each joint to move through the available range of motion for a specific joint. Examples would be stretching individual muscles or the ability to perform certain functional movements such as the lunge. The sit and reach test is most often used to test flexibility.
Body composition is the amount of fat mass compared to lean muscle mass, bone and organs. This can be measured using underwater weighing, Skinfold readings, and bioelectrical impedance. Underwater weighing is considered the “gold standard” for body fat measurement, however because of the size and expense of the equipment needed very few places are set up to do this kind of measurement.
CONCLUSION
Physical fitness and exercises habits developed in early years provide a foundation for life time. Since activity is the basis of life and human body cannot remain in normal condition without activity therefore optimal physical fitness is not possible without regular exercise.
A. Human Nervous System
The nervous system, essentially the body’s electrical wiring, is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. Neurons signal to other cells through fibres called axons. Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released at gaps called synapses. These communications take only a fraction of a millisecond. Sensory neurons respond to stimuli such as light and sound. Motor neurons carry activation signals to muscles and glands. The Central Nervous System is the integration and command centre of the body. It consists of the brain, spinal cord and the retinas of the eyes. The Peripheral Nervous System consists of sensory neurons, ganglia (clusters of neurons) and nerves that connect the central nervous system to arms, hands, legs and feet. The Cranial Nervous System nerves connect the brain to the eyes, mouth, ears and other parts of the head. The Autonomic Nervous System nerves connect the central nervous system to the lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, and bladder and sex organs. The branch of medicine that studies the nervous system is called neurology.
B. Meaning of aerobic exercise
Aerobic exercise is sometimes known as "cardio" -- exercise that requires pumping of oxygenated blood by the heart to deliver oxygen to working muscles. Aerobic exercise stimulates the heart rate and breathing rate to increase in a way that can be sustained for the exercise session. In contrast, anaerobic ("without oxygen") exercise is activity that causes you to be quickly out of breath, like sprinting or lifting a heavy weight. Examples of aerobic exercises include cardio machines, spinning, running, swimming, walking, hiking, and aerobics classes, dancing, cross country skiing, and kickboxing. There are many other types. Aerobic exercises can become anaerobic exercises if performed at a level of intensity that is too high. Aerobic exercise not only improves fitness; it also has known benefits for both physical and emotional health. Aerobic exercise can help prevent or reduce the chance of developing some cancers, diabetes, depression, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. An aerobic exercise plan should be simple, practical, and realistic. Specific equipment (such as cardio machines) may be used but is not necessary for successful aerobic exercise.
C. Note on Kapalbhati
Kapalbhati pranayama is a yogic breathing practice that is considered a kriya, or internal purification practice. The term is derived from the Sanskrit, kapal, meaning "skull" and bhati, meaning “to shine.” To practice kapalbharti pranayama, the yogi assumes a seated position where the belly and chest are not restricted, such as in virasana or sukhasana. The attention is brought to the lower abdomen and/or the hands are placed on the lower abdomen. On the inhale, the lower abdomen is contracted and on the exhale, the breath is forced out quickly. This is repeated for as many times as is comfortable in 60 seconds. Advanced yogis can complete multiple rounds of this pranayama. Kapalbhati pranayama may also be referred to in English as skull shining breath.
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